Her encouragement and faith proved essential for the completion of this work.ĥ Christopher Stanbury Introduction 5 Abstract This thesis explores the historical development of the electronic organ via the survey, analysis and comparison of stylistic practices heard in historic recordings. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Natalie, for her help and understanding throughout the duration of this project.
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In particular, I would like to pay tribute to the enthusiasm and interest shown by two dearly missed teachers: Tony Back and the inimitable Eddie Harvey. Thanks are also due to my colleagues and friends who have found the time to listen to my ideas and offer guidance. I would also like to thank my sister, Alix, who provided assistance in the early stages of this project. I will always remember and be hugely grateful for their unquestioning confidence and generosity.
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Their unending support encouraged an interest in me that was to form the basis of my professional life.
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Some of my earliest memories are of my parents, Colin and Lynne, giving up their time to take me to organ concerts, exhibitions and countless music lessons. I would also like to acknowledge with gratitude the support of Maria Pennells and the rest of the INSPIRE team at the University of West London. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors for their help and guidance: Robert Sholl, who has provided exacting and inspirational assistance throughout, and Francis Pott, whose advice and patience benefitted the work significantly.
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7 Outline of Thesis Structure Chapter One Introducing the Instrument, its Music and the Research Method A Summative History of the Electronic Organ Bikinis, Safari Suits and Little Black Dresses: Icons of Culture Considerations of Technology, Recording and Performance Considerations of Methodology and Structure Defining the Research Process Statement of Methodology Summary Chapter Two The Hammond Organ ( ) The Development of the Hammond Organ The Development of the Leslie Speaker Presentation of Survey Results Conclusions Summary Chapter Three Spinet Organs by Lowrey and Hammond ( ) The Lowrey Organ Hammond Organs of this Periodģ Christopher Stanbury Introduction Presentation of Survey Results Conclusions Summary Chapter Four Early Orchestral Emulations ( ) The Lowrey TGS Other Instruments Included in this Chapter Presentation of Survey Results Conclusions Summary Chapter Five Digital Multi-Keyboards ( ) The Yamaha Electone Presentation of Survey Results Conclusions Summary Chapter Six Conclusions The Instrument Practice Revisiting Literature Bibliography Appendix A (Transcriptions and Excerpts) Appendix B (Transcriptions of Organist Interviews)Ĥ Christopher Stanbury Introduction 4 Acknowledgements My thanks go to the many people that have helped and supported me during the course of this research. 1 Playing the Changes: Rediscovering the Lexicon of Electronic Organ Performance Practice from 1943 to 2015 CHRISTOPHER STANBURY A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The University of West London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017Ģ Christopher Stanbury Introduction 2 Contents Acknowledgements.